representative (1947–1953) and then as senator from Massachusetts (1953–1960). After distinguished military service during World War II, he served as a U.S. He graduated from Harvard College in 1940. Kennedy (1917–1963) was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. Movement and in 1966, began his “northern campaign” in Chicago. The next year, he began the Selma Voting Rights As the founder and leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), he was approached to join with the five key civil rights groups to support the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom where he delivered the “I Have a Dream” speech, solidifying his place in the history of the civil rights movement.
King led nonviolent protest marches in one of the South’s most segregated states-Alabama. At the end of the year-long boycott, King emerged as a central figure in the struggle for civil rights by using his considerable oratorical skills to take his message on the road in speaking engagements across the country. One of his first roles as a civil rights leader was with the Montgomery bus boycott, inspired by the arrest of Rosa Parks for refusing to give up her seat.
Martin Luther King, Jr., (1929–1968) was a Southern Baptist minister who followed in the footsteps of his father by embracing a pacifist philosophy. Johnson, and the United States Congress.ĭr. After the president’s assassination on November 22, the fate of Kennedy’s bill was in the hands of his vice president and successor, Lyndon B. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28 roused public support for the pending bill. On June 19, 1963, the president sent a comprehensive civil rights bill to Congress. The bombings and riots in Birmingham, Alabama, on May 11, 1963, compelled Kennedy to call in federal troops. National and international media coverage of the use of fire hoses and attack dogs against child protesters precipitated a crisis in the Kennedy administration, which it could not ignore. Hundreds of demonstrations erupted in cities and towns across the nation. Kennedy, beginning with the 1961 Freedom Rides. Nonviolent direct action increased during the presidency of John F. NAACP Youth Council chapters staged sit-ins at whites-only lunch counters, sparking a movement against segregation in public accommodations throughout the South in 1960. At the same time, the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights led a successful drive for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and continued to press for even stronger legislation. By December 1955, the Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott led by Martin Luther King, Jr., began a protracted campaign of nonviolent civil disobedience to protest segregation that attracted national and international attention.ĭuring 1956, a group of Southern senators and congressmen signed the “Southern Manifesto,” vowing resistance to racial integration by all “lawful means.” Resistance heightened in 1957–1958 during the crisis over integration at Little Rock’s Central High School. In the summer of 1955, a surge of anti-black violence included the kidnapping and brutal murder of fourteen-year-old Emmett Till, a crime that provoked widespread and assertive protests from black and white Americans. The decision fueled an intransigent, violent resistance during which Southern states used a variety of tactics to evade the law. African Americans gained the formal, if not the practical, right to study alongside their white peers in primary and secondary schools. The NAACP’s legal strategy against segregated education culminated in the 1954 Supreme Court’s landmark Brown v. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (107.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
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